Opcodes are the core units of everything that Csound does. They are like little machines that do a job, and programming is akin to connecting these little machines to perform a larger job. An opcode usually has something which goes into it: the inputs or arguments, and usually it has something which comes out of it: the output which is stored in one or more variables. Opcodes are written in the programming language C (that is where the name "Csound" comes from). If you want to create a new opcode in Csound, you must write it in C. How to do this is described in the Extending Csound chapter of this manual, and is also described in the relevant chapter of the Canonical Csound Reference Manual.
There is, however, a way of writing your own opcodes in the Csound Language itself. The opcodes which are written in this way, are called User Defined Opcodes or "UDO"s. A UDO behaves in the same way as a standard opcode: it has input arguments, and usually one or more output variables. They run at i-time or at k-time. You use them as part of the Csound Language after you have defined and loaded them.
User Defined Opcodes have many valuable properties. They make your instrument code clearer because they allow you to create abstractions of blocks of code. Once a UDO has been defined it can be recalled and repeated many times within an orchestra, each repetition requiring only a single line of code. UDOs allow you to build up your own library of functions you need and return to frequently in your work. In this way, you build your own Csound dialect within the Csound Language. UDOs also represent a convenient format with which to share your work in Csound with other users.
This chapter explains, initially with a very basic example, how you can build your own UDOs, and what options they offer. Following this, the practice of loading UDOs in your .csd file is shown, followed by some tips in regard to some unique capabilities of UDOs. Before the "Links And Related Opcodes" section at the end, some examples are shown for different User Defined Opcode definitions and applications.
If you want to write a User Defined Opcode in Csound6 which uses arrays, have a look at the end of chapter 03E to see their usage and naming conventions.
Writing a User Defined Opcode is actually very easy and straightforward. It mainly means to extract a portion of usual Csound instrument code, and put it in the frame of a UDO. Let's start with the instrument code:
EXAMPLE 03G01_Pre_UDO.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
-odac
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs = 1
giSine ftgen 0, 0, 2^10, 10, 1
seed 0
instr 1
aDel init 0; initialize delay signal
iFb = .7; feedback multiplier
aSnd rand .2; white noise
kdB randomi -18, -6, .4; random movement between -18 and -6
aSnd = aSnd * ampdb(kdB); applied as dB to noise
kFiltFq randomi 100, 1000, 1; random movement between 100 and 1000
aFilt reson aSnd, kFiltFq, kFiltFq/5; applied as filter center frequency
aFilt balance aFilt, aSnd; bring aFilt to the volume of aSnd
aDelTm randomi .1, .8, .2; random movement between .1 and .8 as delay time
aDel vdelayx aFilt + iFb*aDel, aDelTm, 1, 128; variable delay
kdbFilt randomi -12, 0, 1; two random movements between -12 and 0 (dB) ...
kdbDel randomi -12, 0, 1; ... for the filtered and the delayed signal
aOut = aFilt*ampdb(kdbFilt) + aDel*ampdb(kdbDel); mix it
outs aOut, aOut
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 60
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
This is a filtered noise, and its delay, which is fed back again into the delay line at a certain ratio iFb. The filter is moving as kFiltFq randomly between 100 and 1000 Hz. The volume of the filtered noise is moving as kdB randomly between -18 dB and -6 dB. The delay time moves between 0.1 and 0.8 seconds, and then both signals are mixed together.
If this signal processing unit is to be transformed into a User Defined Opcode, the first question is about the extend of the code that will be encapsulated: where the UDO code will begin and end? The first solution could be a radical, and possibly bad, approach: to transform the whole instrument into a UDO.
EXAMPLE 03G02_All_to_UDO.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs = 1
giSine ftgen 0, 0, 2^10, 10, 1
seed 0
opcode FiltFb, 0, 0
aDel init 0; initialize delay signal
iFb = .7; feedback multiplier
aSnd rand .2; white noise
kdB randomi -18, -6, .4; random movement between -18 and -6
aSnd = aSnd * ampdb(kdB); applied as dB to noise
kFiltFq randomi 100, 1000, 1; random movement between 100 and 1000
aFilt reson aSnd, kFiltFq, kFiltFq/5; applied as filter center frequency
aFilt balance aFilt, aSnd; bring aFilt to the volume of aSnd
aDelTm randomi .1, .8, .2; random movement between .1 and .8 as delay time
aDel vdelayx aFilt + iFb*aDel, aDelTm, 1, 128; variable delay
kdbFilt randomi -12, 0, 1; two random movements between -12 and 0 (dB) ...
kdbDel randomi -12, 0, 1; ... for the filtered and the delayed signal
aOut = aFilt*ampdb(kdbFilt) + aDel*ampdb(kdbDel); mix it
outs aOut, aOut
endop
instr 1
FiltFb
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 60
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
Before we continue the discussion about the quality of this transormation, we should have a look at the syntax first. The general syntax for a User Defined Opcode is:
opcode name, outtypes, intypes ... endop
Here, the name of the UDO is FiltFb. You are free to use any name, but it is suggested that you begin the name with a capital letter. By doing this, you avoid duplicating the name of most of the pre-existing opcodes1 which normally start with a lower case letter. As we have no input arguments and no output arguments for this first version of FiltFb, both outtypes and intypes are set to zero. Similar to the instr ... endin block of a normal instrument definition, for a UDO the opcode ... endop keywords begin and end the UDO definition block. In the instrument, the UDO is called like a normal opcode by using its name, and in the same line the input arguments are listed on the right and the output arguments on the left. In the previous a example, 'FiltFb' has no input and output arguments so it is called by just using its name:
instr 1
FiltFb
endin
Now - why is this UDO more or less useless? It achieves nothing, when compared to the original non UDO version, and in fact looses some of the advantages of the instrument defined version. Firstly, it is not advisable to include this line in the UDO:
outs aOut, aOut
This statement writes the audio signal aOut from inside the UDO to the output device. Imagine you want to change the output channels, or you want to add any signal modifier after the opcode. This would be impossible with this statement. So instead of including the 'outs' opcode, we give the FiltFb UDO an audio output:
xout aOut
The xout statement of a UDO definition works like the "outlets" in PD or Max, sending the result(s) of an opcode back to the caller instrument.
Now let us consider the UDO's input arguments, choose which processes should be carried out within the FiltFb unit, and what aspects would offer greater flexibility if controllable from outside the UDO. First, the aSnd parameter should not be restricted to a white noise with amplitude 0.2, but should be an input (like a "signal inlet" in PD/Max). This is implemented using the line:
aSnd xin
Both the output and the input type must be declared in the first line of the UDO definition, whether they are i-, k- or a-variables. So instead of "opcode FiltFb, 0, 0" the statement has changed now to "opcode FiltFb, a, a", because we have both input and output as a-variable.
The UDO is now much more flexible and logical: it takes any audio input, it performs the filtered delay and feedback processing, and returns the result as another audio signal. In the next example, instrument 1 does exactly the same as before. Instrument 2 has live input instead.
EXAMPLE 03G03_UDO_more_flex.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs = 1
giSine ftgen 0, 0, 2^10, 10, 1
seed 0
opcode FiltFb, a, a
aSnd xin
aDel init 0; initialize delay signal
iFb = .7; feedback multiplier
kdB randomi -18, -6, .4; random movement between -18 and -6
aSnd = aSnd * ampdb(kdB); applied as dB to noise
kFiltFq randomi 100, 1000, 1; random movement between 100 and 1000
aFilt reson aSnd, kFiltFq, kFiltFq/5; applied as filter center frequency
aFilt balance aFilt, aSnd; bring aFilt to the volume of aSnd
aDelTm randomi .1, .8, .2; random movement between .1 and .8 as delay time
aDel vdelayx aFilt + iFb*aDel, aDelTm, 1, 128; variable delay
kdbFilt randomi -12, 0, 1; two random movements between -12 and 0 (dB) ...
kdbDel randomi -12, 0, 1; ... for the filtered and the delayed signal
aOut = aFilt*ampdb(kdbFilt) + aDel*ampdb(kdbDel); mix it
xout aOut
endop
instr 1; white noise input
aSnd rand .2
aOut FiltFb aSnd
outs aOut, aOut
endin
instr 2; live audio input
aSnd inch 1; input from channel 1
aOut FiltFb aSnd
outs aOut, aOut
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 60 ;change to i 2 for live audio input
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
Is this now the optimal version of the FiltFb User Defined Opcode? Obviously there are other parts of the opcode definiton which could be controllable from outside: the feedback multiplier iFb, the random movement of the input signal kdB, the random movement of the filter frequency kFiltFq, and the random movements of the output mix kdbSnd and kdbDel. Is it better to put them outside of the opcode definition, or is it better to leave them inside?
There is no general answer. It depends on the degree of abstraction you desire or you prefer to relinquish. If you are working on a piece for which all of the parameters settings are already defined as required in the UDO, then control from the caller instrument may not be necessary . The advantage of minimizing the number of input and output arguments is the simplification in using the UDO. The more flexibility you require from your UDO however, the greater the number of input arguments that will be required. Providing more control is better for a later reusability, but may be unnecessarily complicated.
Perhaps it is the best solution to have one abstract definition which performs one task, and to create a derivative - also as UDO - fine tuned for the particular project you are working on. The final example demonstrates the definition of a general and more abstract UDO FiltFb, and its various applications: instrument 1 defines the specifications in the instrument itself; instrument 2 uses a second UDO Opus123_FiltFb for this purpose; instrument 3 sets the general FiltFb in a new context of two varying delay lines with a buzz sound as input signal.
EXAMPLE 03G04_UDO_calls_UDO.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
-odac
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs = 1
giSine ftgen 0, 0, 2^10, 10, 1
seed 0
opcode FiltFb, aa, akkkia
; -- DELAY AND FEEDBACK OF A BAND FILTERED INPUT SIGNAL --
;input: aSnd = input sound
; kFb = feedback multiplier (0-1)
; kFiltFq: center frequency for the reson band filter (Hz)
; kQ = band width of reson filter as kFiltFq/kQ
; iMaxDel = maximum delay time in seconds
; aDelTm = delay time
;output: aFilt = filtered and balanced aSnd
; aDel = delay and feedback of aFilt
aSnd, kFb, kFiltFq, kQ, iMaxDel, aDelTm xin
aDel init 0
aFilt reson aSnd, kFiltFq, kFiltFq/kQ
aFilt balance aFilt, aSnd
aDel vdelayx aFilt + kFb*aDel, aDelTm, iMaxDel, 128; variable delay
xout aFilt, aDel
endop
opcode Opus123_FiltFb, a, a
;;the udo FiltFb here in my opus 123 :)
;input = aSnd
;output = filtered and delayed aSnd in different mixtures
aSnd xin
kdB randomi -18, -6, .4; random movement between -18 and -6
aSnd = aSnd * ampdb(kdB); applied as dB to noise
kFiltFq randomi 100, 1000, 1; random movement between 100 and 1000
iQ = 5
iFb = .7; feedback multiplier
aDelTm randomi .1, .8, .2; random movement between .1 and .8 as delay time
aFilt, aDel FiltFb aSnd, iFb, kFiltFq, iQ, 1, aDelTm
kdbFilt randomi -12, 0, 1; two random movements between -12 and 0 (dB) ...
kdbDel randomi -12, 0, 1; ... for the noise and the delay signal
aOut = aFilt*ampdb(kdbFilt) + aDel*ampdb(kdbDel); mix it
xout aOut
endop
instr 1; well known context as instrument
aSnd rand .2
kdB randomi -18, -6, .4; random movement between -18 and -6
aSnd = aSnd * ampdb(kdB); applied as dB to noise
kFiltFq randomi 100, 1000, 1; random movement between 100 and 1000
iQ = 5
iFb = .7; feedback multiplier
aDelTm randomi .1, .8, .2; random movement between .1 and .8 as delay time
aFilt, aDel FiltFb aSnd, iFb, kFiltFq, iQ, 1, aDelTm
kdbFilt randomi -12, 0, 1; two random movements between -12 and 0 (dB) ...
kdbDel randomi -12, 0, 1; ... for the noise and the delay signal
aOut = aFilt*ampdb(kdbFilt) + aDel*ampdb(kdbDel); mix it
aOut linen aOut, .1, p3, 3
outs aOut, aOut
endin
instr 2; well known context UDO which embeds another UDO
aSnd rand .2
aOut Opus123_FiltFb aSnd
aOut linen aOut, .1, p3, 3
outs aOut, aOut
endin
instr 3; other context: two delay lines with buzz
kFreq randomh 200, 400, .08; frequency for buzzer
aSnd buzz .2, kFreq, 100, giSine; buzzer as aSnd
kFiltFq randomi 100, 1000, .2; center frequency
aDelTm1 randomi .1, .8, .2; time for first delay line
aDelTm2 randomi .1, .8, .2; time for second delay line
kFb1 randomi .8, 1, .1; feedback for first delay line
kFb2 randomi .8, 1, .1; feedback for second delay line
a0, aDel1 FiltFb aSnd, kFb1, kFiltFq, 1, 1, aDelTm1; delay signal 1
a0, aDel2 FiltFb aSnd, kFb2, kFiltFq, 1, 1, aDelTm2; delay signal 2
aDel1 linen aDel1, .1, p3, 3
aDel2 linen aDel2, .1, p3, 3
outs aDel1, aDel2
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 30
i 2 31 30
i 3 62 120
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
The good thing about the different possibilities of writing a more specified UDO, or a more generalized: You needn't decide this at the beginning of your work. Just start with any formulation you find useful in a certain situation. If you continue and see that you should have some more parameters accessible, it should be easy to rewrite the UDO. Just be careful not to confuse the different versions you create. Use names like Faulty1, Faulty2 etc. instead of overwriting Faulty. Making use of extensive commenting when you initially create the UDO will make it easier to adapt the UDO at a later time. What are the inputs (including the measurement units they use such as Hertz or seconds)? What are the outputs? - How you do this, is up to you and depends on your style and your preference.
In this section, we will address the main points of using UDOs: what you must bear in mind when loading them, what special features they offer, what restrictions you must be aware of and how you can build your own language with them.
As can be seen from the examples above, User Defined Opcodes must be defined in the orchestra header (which is sometimes called "instrument 0").
You can load as many User Defined Opcodes into a Csound orchestra as you wish. As long as they do not depend on each other, their order is arbitrarily. If UDO Opus123_FiltFb uses the UDO FiltFb for its definition (see the example above), you must first load FiltFb, and then Opus123_FiltFb. If not, you will get an error like this:
orch compiler: opcode Opus123_FiltFb a a error: no legal opcode, line 25: aFilt, aDel FiltFb aSnd, iFb, kFiltFq, iQ, 1, aDelTm
Definitions of User Defined Opcodes can also be loaded into a .csd file by an "#include" statement. What you must do is the following:
#include "MyOpcodes.txt"
#include "/Users/me/Documents/Csound/UDO/MyOpcodes.txt"
As always, make sure that the "#include" statement is the last one in the orchestra header, and that the logical order is accepted if one opcode depends on another.
If you work with User Defined Opcodes a lot, and build up a collection of them, the #include feature allows you easily import several or all of them to your .csd file.
The ksmps assignment in the orchestra header cannot be changed during the performance of a .csd file. But in a User Defined Opcode you have the unique possibility of changing this value by a local assignment. If you use a setksmps statement in your UDO, you can have a locally smaller value for the number of samples per control cycle in the UDO. In the following example, the print statement in the UDO prints ten times compared to one time in the instrument, because ksmps in the UDO is 10 times smaller:
EXAMPLE 03G06_UDO_setksmps.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer> <CsInstruments> ;Example by Joachim Heintz sr = 44100 ksmps = 44100 ;very high because of printing opcode Faster, 0, 0 setksmps 4410 ;local ksmps is 1/10 of global ksmps printks "UDO print!%n", 0 endop instr 1 printks "Instr print!%n", 0 ;print each control period (once per second) Faster ;print 10 times per second because of local ksmps endin </CsInstruments> <CsScore> i 1 0 2 </CsScore> </CsoundSynthesizer>
For i-time arguments, you can use a simple feature to set default values:
For k-time arguments, you can use since Csound 5.18 these default values:
So you can omit these arguments - in this case the default values will be used. If you give an input argument instead, the default value will be overwritten:
EXAMPLE 03G07_UDO_default_args.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
opcode Defaults, iii, opj
ia, ib, ic xin
xout ia, ib, ic
endop
instr 1
ia, ib, ic Defaults
print ia, ib, ic
ia, ib, ic Defaults 10
print ia, ib, ic
ia, ib, ic Defaults 10, 100
print ia, ib, ic
ia, ib, ic Defaults 10, 100, 1000
print ia, ib, ic
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 0
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
Recursion means that a function can call itself. This is a feature which can be useful in many situations. Also User Defined Opcodes can be recursive. You can do many things with a recursive UDO which you cannot do in any other way; at least not in a simliarly simple way. This is an example of generating eight partials by a recursive UDO. See the last example in the next section for a more musical application of a recursive UDO.
EXAMPLE 03G08_Recursive_UDO.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs = 1
opcode Recursion, a, iip
;input: frequency, number of partials, first partial (default=1)
ifreq, inparts, istart xin
iamp = 1/inparts/istart ;decreasing amplitudes for higher partials
if istart < inparts then ;if inparts have not yet reached
acall Recursion ifreq, inparts, istart+1 ;call another instance of this UDO
endif
aout oscils iamp, ifreq*istart, 0 ;execute this partial
aout = aout + acall ;add the audio signals
xout aout
endop
instr 1
amix Recursion 400, 8 ;8 partials with a base frequency of 400 Hz
aout linen amix, .01, p3, .1
outs aout, aout
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 1
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
We will focus here on some examples which will hopefully show the wide range of User Defined Opcodes. Some of them are adaptions of examples from previous chapters about the Csound Syntax. Much more examples can be found in the User-Defined Opcode Database, editied by Steven Yi.
Csound is often very strict and gives errors where other applications might 'turn a blind eye'. This is also the case if you read a soundfile using one of Csound's opcodes: soundin, diskin or diskin2. If your soundfile is mono, you must use the mono version, which has one audio signal as output. If your soundfile is stereo, you must use the stereo version, which outputs two audio signals. If you want a stereo output, but you happen to have a mono soundfile as input, you will get the error message:
INIT ERROR in ...: number of output args inconsistent with number of file channels
It may be more useful to have an opcode which works for both, mono and stereo files as input. This is a ideal job for a UDO. Two versions are possible: FilePlay1 returns always one audio signal (if the file is stereo it uses just the first channel), FilePlay2 returns always two audio signals (if the file is mono it duplicates this to both channels). We can use the default arguments to make this opcode behave exactly as diskin2:
EXAMPLE 03G09_UDO_FilePlay.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
-odac
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs = 1
opcode FilePlay1, a, Skoooooo
;gives mono output regardless your soundfile is mono or stereo
;(if stereo, just the first channel is used)
;see diskin2 page of the csound manual for information about the input arguments
Sfil, kspeed, iskip, iloop, iformat, iwsize, ibufsize, iskipinit xin
ichn filenchnls Sfil
if ichn == 1 then
aout diskin2 Sfil, kspeed, iskip, iloop, iformat, iwsize,\
ibufsize, iskipinit
else
aout, a0 diskin2 Sfil, kspeed, iskip, iloop, iformat, iwsize,\
ibufsize, iskipinit
endif
xout aout
endop
opcode FilePlay2, aa, Skoooooo
;gives stereo output regardless your soundfile is mono or stereo
;see diskin2 page of the csound manual for information about the input arguments
Sfil, kspeed, iskip, iloop, iformat, iwsize, ibufsize, iskipinit xin
ichn filenchnls Sfil
if ichn == 1 then
aL diskin2 Sfil, kspeed, iskip, iloop, iformat, iwsize,\
ibufsize, iskipinit
aR = aL
else
aL, aR diskin2 Sfil, kspeed, iskip, iloop, iformat, iwsize,\
ibufsize, iskipinit
endif
xout aL, aR
endop
instr 1
aMono FilePlay1 "fox.wav", 1
outs aMono, aMono
endin
instr 2
aL, aR FilePlay2 "fox.wav", 1
outs aL, aR
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 4
i 2 4 4
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
In example 03C11_Table_random_dev.csd, a function table has been changed at performance time, once a second, by random deviations. This can be easily transformed to a User Defined Opcode. It takes the function table variable, a trigger signal, and the random deviation in percent as input. In each control cycle where the trigger signal is "1", the table values are read. The random deviation is applied, and the changed values are written again into the table. Here, the tab/tabw opcodes are used to make sure that also non-power-of-two tables can be used.
EXAMPLE 03G10_UDO_rand_dev.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
-odac
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
sr = 44100
ksmps = 441
nchnls = 2
0dbfs = 1
giSine ftgen 0, 0, 256, 10, 1; sine wave
seed 0; each time different seed
opcode TabDirtk, 0, ikk
;"dirties" a function table by applying random deviations at a k-rate trigger
;input: function table, trigger (1 = perform manipulation),
;deviation as percentage
ift, ktrig, kperc xin
if ktrig == 1 then ;just work if you get a trigger signal
kndx = 0
loop:
krand random -kperc/100, kperc/100
kval tab kndx, ift; read old value
knewval = kval + (kval * krand); calculate new value
tabw knewval, kndx, giSine; write new value
loop_lt kndx, 1, ftlen(ift), loop; loop construction
endif
endop
instr 1
kTrig metro 1, .00001 ;trigger signal once per second
TabDirtk giSine, kTrig, 10
aSig poscil .2, 400, giSine
outs aSig, aSig
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 10
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
Of course you can also change the content of a function table at init-time. The next example permutes a series of numbers randomly each time it is called. For this purpose, first the input function table iTabin is copied as iCopy. This is necessary because we do not want to change iTabin in any way. Next a random index in iCopy is created and the value at this location in iTabin is written at the beginning of iTabout, which contains the permuted results. At the end of this cycle, each value in iCopy which has a larger index than the one which has just been read, is shifted one position to the left. So now iCopy has become one position smaller - not in table size but in the number of values to read. This procedure is continued until all values from iCopy are reflected in iTabout:
EXAMPLE 03G11_TabPermRnd.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
giVals ftgen 0, 0, -12, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
seed 0; each time different seed
opcode TabPermRand_i, i, i
;permuts randomly the values of the input table
;and creates an output table for the result
iTabin xin
itablen = ftlen(iTabin)
iTabout ftgen 0, 0, -itablen, 2, 0 ;create empty output table
iCopy ftgen 0, 0, -itablen, 2, 0 ;create empty copy of input table
tableicopy iCopy, iTabin ;write values of iTabin into iCopy
icplen init itablen ;number of values in iCopy
indxwt init 0 ;index of writing in iTabout
loop:
indxrd random 0, icplen - .0001; random read index in iCopy
indxrd = int(indxrd)
ival tab_i indxrd, iCopy; read the value
tabw_i ival, indxwt, iTabout; write it to iTabout
; -- shift values in iCopy larger than indxrd one position to the left
shift:
if indxrd < icplen-1 then ;if indxrd has not been the last table value
ivalshft tab_i indxrd+1, iCopy ;take the value to the right ...
tabw_i ivalshft, indxrd, iCopy ;...and write it to indxrd position
indxrd = indxrd + 1 ;then go to the next position
igoto shift ;return to shift and see if there is anything left to do
endif
indxwt = indxwt + 1 ;increase the index of writing in iTabout
loop_gt icplen, 1, 0, loop ;loop as long as there is ;
;a value in iCopy
ftfree iCopy, 0 ;delete the copy table
xout iTabout ;return the number of iTabout
endop
instr 1
iPerm TabPermRand_i giVals ;perform permutation
;print the result
indx = 0
Sres = "Result:"
print:
ival tab_i indx, iPerm
Sprint sprintf "%s %d", Sres, ival
Sres = Sprint
loop_lt indx, 1, 12, print
puts Sres, 1
endin
instr 2; the same but performed ten times
icnt = 0
loop:
iPerm TabPermRand_i giVals ;perform permutation
;print the result
indx = 0
Sres = "Result:"
print:
ival tab_i indx, iPerm
Sprint sprintf "%s %d", Sres, ival
Sres = Sprint
loop_lt indx, 1, 12, print
puts Sres, 1
loop_lt icnt, 1, 10, loop
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 0
i 2 0 0
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
There is no opcode in Csound for printing the contents of a function table, but one can be created as a UDO.2 Again a loop is needed for checking the values and putting them into a string which can then be printed. In addition, some options can be given for the print precision and for the number of elements in a line.
EXAMPLE 03G12_TableDumpSimp.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
-ndm0 -+max_str_len=10000
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
gitab ftgen 1, 0, -7, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
gisin ftgen 2, 0, 128, 10, 1
opcode TableDumpSimp, 0, ijo
;prints the content of a table in a simple way
;input: function table, float precision while printing (default = 3),
;parameters per row (default = 10, maximum = 32)
ifn, iprec, ippr xin
iprec = (iprec == -1 ? 3 : iprec)
ippr = (ippr == 0 ? 10 : ippr)
iend = ftlen(ifn)
indx = 0
Sformat sprintf "%%.%df\t", iprec
Sdump = ""
loop:
ival tab_i indx, ifn
Snew sprintf Sformat, ival
Sdump strcat Sdump, Snew
indx = indx + 1
imod = indx % ippr
if imod == 0 then
puts Sdump, 1
Sdump = ""
endif
if indx < iend igoto loop
puts Sdump, 1
endop
instr 1
TableDumpSimp p4, p5, p6
prints "%n"
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
;i1 st dur ftab prec ppr
i1 0 0 1 -1
i1 . . 1 0
i1 . . 2 3 10
i1 . . 2 6 32
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
In the last example of the chapter about Triggering Instrument Events a number of partials were synthesized, each with a random frequency deviation of up to 10% compared to precise harmonic spectrum frequencies and a unique duration for each partial. This can also be written as a recursive UDO. Each UDO generates one partial, and calls the UDO again until the last partial is generated. Now the code can be reduced to two instruments: instrument 1 performs the time loop, calculates the basic values for one note, and triggers the event. Then instrument 11 is called which feeds the UDO with the values and passes the audio signals to the output.
EXAMPLE 03G13_UDO_Recursive_AddSynth.csd
<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
-odac
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>
;Example by Joachim Heintz
sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs = 1
giSine ftgen 0, 0, 2^10, 10, 1
seed 0
opcode PlayPartials, aa, iiipo
;plays inumparts partials with frequency deviation and own envelopes and
;durations for each partial
;ibasfreq: base frequency of sound mixture
;inumparts: total number of partials
;ipan: panning
;ipartnum: which partial is this (1 - N, default=1)
;ixtratim: extra time in addition to p3 needed for this partial (default=0)
ibasfreq, inumparts, ipan, ipartnum, ixtratim xin
ifreqgen = ibasfreq * ipartnum; general frequency of this partial
ifreqdev random -10, 10; frequency deviation between -10% and +10%
ifreq = ifreqgen + (ifreqdev*ifreqgen)/100; real frequency
ixtratim1 random 0, p3; calculate additional time for this partial
imaxamp = 1/inumparts; maximum amplitude
idbdev random -6, 0; random deviation in dB for this partial
iamp = imaxamp * ampdb(idbdev-ipartnum); higher partials are softer
ipandev random -.1, .1; panning deviation
ipan = ipan + ipandev
aEnv transeg 0, .005, 0, iamp, p3+ixtratim1-.005, -10, 0; envelope
aSine poscil aEnv, ifreq, giSine
aL1, aR1 pan2 aSine, ipan
if ixtratim1 > ixtratim then
ixtratim = ixtratim1 ;set ixtratim to the ixtratim1 if the latter is larger
endif
if ipartnum < inumparts then ;if this is not the last partial
; -- call the next one
aL2, aR2 PlayPartials ibasfreq, inumparts, ipan, ipartnum+1, ixtratim
else ;if this is the last partial
p3 = p3 + ixtratim; reset p3 to the longest ixtratim value
endif
xout aL1+aL2, aR1+aR2
endop
instr 1; time loop with metro
kfreq init 1; give a start value for the trigger frequency
kTrig metro kfreq
if kTrig == 1 then ;if trigger impulse:
kdur random 1, 5; random duration for instr 10
knumparts random 8, 14
knumparts = int(knumparts); 8-13 partials
kbasoct random 5, 10; base pitch in octave values
kbasfreq = cpsoct(kbasoct) ;base frequency
kpan random .2, .8; random panning between left (0) and right (1)
event "i", 11, 0, kdur, kbasfreq, knumparts, kpan; call instr 11
kfreq random .25, 1; set new value for trigger frequency
endif
endin
instr 11; plays one mixture with 8-13 partials
aL, aR PlayPartials p4, p5, p6
outs aL, aR
endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
i 1 0 300
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>
For some situations it can be very useful to use strings in Csound as a collection of single strings or numbers. This is what programming languages call a list or an array. Csound does not provide opcodes for this purpose, but you can define these opcodes as UDOs. A set of these UDOs can then be used like this:
ilen StrayLen "a b c d e" ilen -> 5 Sel StrayGetEl "a b c d e", 0 Sel -> "a" inum StrayGetNum "1 2 3 4 5", 0 inum -> 1 ipos StrayElMem "a b c d e", "c" ipos -> 2 ipos StrayNumMem "1 2 3 4 5", 3 ipos -> 2 Sres StraySetEl "a b c d e", "go", 0 Sres -> "go a b c d e" Sres StraySetNum "1 2 3 4 5", 0, 0 Sres -> "0 1 2 3 4 5" Srev StrayRev "a b c d e" Srev -> "e d c b a" Sub StraySub "a b c d e", 1, 3 Sub -> "b c" Sout StrayRmv "a b c d e", "b d" Sout -> "a c e" Srem StrayRemDup "a b a c c d e e" Srem -> "a b c d e" ift,iftlen StrayNumToFt "1 2 3 4 5", 1 ift -> 1 (same as f 1 0 -5 -2 1 2 3 4 5) iftlen -> 5
You can find an article about defining such a sub-language here, and the up to date UDO code here (or at the UDO repository).
This is the page in the Canonical Csound Reference Manual about the definition of UDOs.
The most important resource of User Defined Opcodes is the User-Defined Opcode Database, editied by Steven Yi.
Also by Steven Yi, read the second part of his article about control flow in Csound in the Csound Journal (summer 2006).
opcode: The opcode used to begin a User Defined Opcode definition.
#include: Useful to include any loadable Csound code, in this case definitions of User Defined Opcodes.
setksmps: Lets you set a smaller ksmps value locally in a User Defined Opcode.
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